Power plant



0. KRAUS.

POWER-PLANT.

APPLIQATloN FILED MAR. 19. 191s.

31am/nto@ M mfoznm @no 0. KRAUSf POWER PLANT.

APPLICATION FILED MAR. 19, 1918.

Patented Oct. 11, 1921.

6 SHEETSf-SHEET 2.

HHHHMIIIHHHH 0. KRAUS,

POWER PLANT.

APPLICATION FILED MAR. I9. ma.

Patented Oct. 11, 1921.

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V POWER PLANT.

APPLICATION FILED MAR, I9. 191B.

1,392,947. Patented 001. 11, 1921.

6 SHEETS-SHEET 4.

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0. KRAUS.

POWER PLANT.

. APPLICATION man MAR. 19, 191s. 1,392,947, -Ptelltd 0G13. 11, 1921.

6 SHEETS-SHEET 5.

@31j QM; @1515011.14213 O. KRAUS.

POWER PLANT.

APPLICATION FILED III/IR. I9, 1918.

Patented Oct. 11, 1921.

gravada/fo@ 0m W @21313 @Mou/w43 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

OTTO KRAUS, NEW YORK, N. ;Y., ASSIGNOR TO KRAUS ENG-INE COMPANY,O NEW I YORK, N. Y., CORPORATION OF NEW YORK.

POWER PLANT.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Application filed March 19, 1918. Serial No. 223,264.v

To all wlw/m. t may concern' lie it known that l, OTTO KRAUs, a citizen of the vUnited States of America, residing at the borough of Manhattan, in the city, county, and State of New York, have 1nvented certain new andV useful Improvements in Power Plants, of which the following is a specification, reference being had to the accompanying drawings. Y

This invention relates to improvements in apparatusfor thevproduction and utilization of workingfluids; and-an object of this invention is to provide an apparatus of the character just mentioned which will be slinple in construction, comparatively cheap in manufacture,` and efficient and. durable in operation and use andthe cost of maintain ing which in a state of good repair will be low as compared with apparatus of this kind heretofore put upon the market. The features of this invention will become apparent a fragmentary sectional view of a modifiedv form of valve mechanism forcontrolling the Y overflow of oil from the oil-reservoir; Fig. is a section on the linen- 5 of Fig. 4; Fig. 6 is a section on the line 6-'-6 of Fig.

1 and illustrates one form of a liaine-maintaining or re-ignition grating; Fig. 7 as a vertical sectional view showing a modified form of a flame-maintaining or re-ignition A`grating; Figs. 8 and 9 are, respectively, a front elevation and a side view of another .modified form ofA a iamemaintaining or re-ignition grating; Fig. 10 is a fragmentary vertical section of a` modified form of fine; Figs. 11 and 12 illustrate, in vertical section, two different means for the introduction of water through the flue; Fig. 13 is a fragmentary sectional view illustrating a modified form ofiiue and its connection with the rear end of the combustion chamher; Fie'. 14. is a kfront elevation Vof the en- Qfiiie anc. air-compressor; Fig. 15 is a section en the im@ 15V-'150i rig. 11; Fig. 1e

isa section on the line 16-16 of Fig. 15; Fig. 17 is a section on the line 17-17 of `Fig. 14; Fig. 18 is a fragmentary sectional view illustrating a modified form ofengine admission valve; Fig. 19 is a detail showing in plan the valve mechanism illustrated in Fig. 18; Fig. 20 is a fragmentary sectionalv view illustrating 'another modiiied form Vof engine admission valve; Fig. v21 is a 'depreheater into which the exhaust gases are discharged; Fig. 25 is an elevation of another modified form of water-preheater; Fig.V 26 is a transverse verticalsection on the line 26-26 of Fig. 25; Fig. 27 illustrates the inlet-valve mechanism of theraircompressor and the means vhy which that mechanism is actuated; Fig. 28 isa central vertical section through Vthe valve mechanism of the air-compressor; Fig. 29 is a sec tion on the line 29-29 of Fig. 14; Fig. 30 is detail illustrating an arrangement of valve-operating cams on a vcrank-shaft of a standard type; Fig. 31 is a section on the line 31-31 of Fig. 30; and Fig. 32 is a detail showing a crank-shaft equipped with vmechanism lfor reversing its direction of rotation.

The compressed air flows from the aircompressor A (Fig. 14), through thepipe t (Fig. 1) to the chamber E, a wall of which is formed with an air-passage c the inner,

llower end ofwhich communicates with the outer end of an air-conduit l that passes transversely through the annular waterchamher e. The inner cylindrical wall f of the latter surrounds an air-chamber g and is pierced with a pair of air-openings fr., ft', through the upper one (7i) of which v(iows the air from the conduit cl into the chamber g and thence through the lower traverses the annular water-chamber e and discharges, through an air-hole L formed in the top wall f of the oil-reservoir t, into the airspace i therein'above the surface of the liquid fuel (oil or like hydrocarbon) i, which is thus subjected to the pressure of Patented oet.11`,1921.

' lO one (L) into the lower air-conduit fl, which iiol erally-extending, annular flange K', below whichjthere is formed, on the pipe 7c, a collar VBetween the latter and the iange k',

l the pipe 7c is formed with a circular series of perfor-ations 7c)c and there is mounted, on this part of thepipe c, a sleeve-valve m formed with a laterally-promoting pair of ears m',

, against which there press upwardly the float-Y operated arms j. The sleeve-valve 'fm is furtherv formed with a series of oil-ports Y m which, when the valve is raised to the upper limit of its travel (determined by the annularflange c) by means of the float-operated'arms j', come into register with the holes 71x (Figs. l and 3), whereupon o ilv flows from vthe oil-reservoir z', through the oil-ports m and holes 79X, into the oil-overflow pipe 7c and therethrough to the source of supply of the oil. By this arrangement of parts, the liquid fuel 2' is maintained at constant level inthe reservoir It is to benoted that the oil-ports m do not register with thev perforations 7c, until the level of the oillies at a substantialdistance above the closed inner end of the pipe 7s, whereby escape of the compressed air therethrough is avoided. A modified form of the overflow valve arrangement liust described is illustrated in Figs. 4 and 5, wherein there is shown, rotatably mounted on the inner end of tle horiZont-ally-disposedpart n of the oil-overflow pipe n, asleeve-valve 0 that is connected, vto the float jx, by means of the arm o and that is held in place, on the vpipe n, by means of a screw n. The inner end of the pipe n is formed with the holes n* with which are arranged to register, when the float j* has reached the permissibly highest point of its travel, with the ports ov formed in one end of the sleeve-valve o. Liquid fuel z' is forced (as by a pump, not shown) through a fuel-feed pipe 2""1, to the fuel-reservoir z' and Vflows therefrom through the oil-pipe p,

which discharges, at its upper end, into an oil-passage (7 that is formed in the front wall r of the furnace C Vand the upper outlet end of which communicates with thev valve-chamber s of the needle-valve t, thc body-portion t of which is screw- 'hreaded and projects through a stuffinghox t and is provided withv a handle tx, by turning which the valve t may be turned and thereby ymoved toward and from its seat t* whereby the amount of oil allowed to flow past the point of the needle-valve tv may be closely regulated.- In the wall of the air-chamber g there is screwed an'atomizerplug u the central passage u' in which forms an extension ofthe valve-chamber s and is adapted to receive the needle valve t. The inner endv u of the central passage u serves as an outlet passage for the oil that passes the valve-seat tl. In-the wall of the atomizer-plug u, there is formed an inclined airpassage u, by means of which communication is established vbetween the air-chamber g and the oil-outletpassage u". 1When the compressed air, rushing from the air-chamber g through the air-passage wf, meets the oil in the dischargepassage u 'of the atomizer-plug u, itcarries the oil along with it and breaks the oil into a fine spray, as will be readily understood by all persons skilled in this art. The mixture Vof air sprayedV oil that issues from the atomizer u is thick or dense,'since the relativeproportions are so regulated thatthemiXture contains a comparatively large amount of oil; and this relatively fat mixture, which is readily ignitible, flows into a trumpet-shaped mouthpiece c, which, atits larger end, is separated, by a narrow interval or'space o (Fig. l), from the inner wall Vof the combustion-chamber w, except at the top thereof, where the mouth piece o lies in close contact with the wall.l

'At this point, there is arranged an electric ignition device the filament xV of which may, by the passage ofV an electric current therethrough, be brought t0 a temperature suflicientlyV high toignite the combustible mixturel flowing through the mouthpiece o.' Beyond the igniter a, there is arranged, in the combustion chamber w, a flame-maintaining contrivance of which there may bemanyY forms; and there are illustrated herein three different forms`(Figs. 6. 7 and 8). In the form shown in Fig. 6, the contriva-nce con'- sists of a grating v/ made up of a series of straight bars y that are held spaced apart by bars y of serpentine-or wavelike form. The burning oil passes through the openings jz/lx in the grating g/'and raises the same to a high temperature, so that its great heatY serves to 'maintain the flame at all. times. In

Fig. 7, there is shown a modified form of a 'flame supporting devlce provided with a Y latter should. at any instant, fall below that of-these bars. Fig. 8 illustrates in front elevation and Fig. 9 1n side elevation a second modiied form of this flame-maintaining grating. In the case illustrated, the grating 2 is made up of a series of short cylinders 2 held together by means of diametricallylying binder-bars 2, which run at right angles to each other and one of which is disposedL in front of the other. The burning gases traverse the spaces 2 between the concentric rings 2, which store up heat and later give off the same, whenever the temperature of the gases tends to fall substantially below that of the grating 2. rllhus there is brought about a Aconstant interchange of heat energy between the flowing hot gases'and the grating.

Air hows, under pressure, from the chamber into the valve-chamber 3 and thence past the valve l (Figs. l and 2) into the space 5 just. in front of the mouthpiece o, from which space 5 the air escapes, through the interval fo between the discharge end ot' the mouthpiece@ and thekwall ot the combustion chamber w. Since the latter wall and the mouthpiece o are in contact at the top ot the combustion chamber' w, no air can flow out at this point and thus is prevented the dilution of the mixture of oil-spray and air to such an extent as would make uncertain the ignition or the mixture by the electric device The air flowing through the interval o serves to drive the mixture just i mentioned toward the ignition device fr and thereby tends kto insure its being ighted or fired. hloreover7 the escaping air, mingling with the mixture flowing trein the mouthpiece o into the combustion chamber w, continues the support of the combustion ot the oil spray inthe mixture. The valve-chamber 3 is closed, at its top, by a screw-cap 3', through which passes the stem a ot the valve 4, which stem is formed with a head l. tween the latter and the screw-cap 3. there is interposed a helical spring ax, by means of which the valve l is held against its valveseat 4*. The spring lx and the upper end ot the valve-stem fl are incased in a housing 3 that is screwed upon the screw-cap o Y lt is obvious that the valve 4 is pressed against its seat Il* by a force equal least to the upward pull otthe helical spring- 4ax; and it follows that the pressure ol the coming from the chamber t into the valvechamber 3 must overcon'ie the tension ot the spring i-X suitliciently to open the valve el, be-

fore any air can tlow iroin the valve-chainber 3 to the combustion chamber fw. lt is clear. therefore, that. when the air pressure vis sufficient to open the valve il, against the `tension of the spring X5 (which tension may be ed so as to tie nii of the helical spring 8. 'lie screw-cap S is )formed with a guide-passage 9', in which is slidably 'ed the upper ciil ot the stem il o if the valve 6. The casing 6 is tormed 'with suitable forts GX for the escape ot any air that mav 'orce its way past the valve 5.

lilater is led7 under pressure, by the waterpipe l0 t' i l es. and lo), Atrom any7 suitable source water-supply (c. 57.. a tprce-pump not shown) to a water-passage l0 rormeo in the bottom part ot the il? .iut wall i of *the tui-nace C. The inner end ot the waterlpassage l0 communicates with the watercharnber c :which serves as a vater-jacket for the atomizer u and lieeps the latter cool. l he wf'ter-jaclet e' communicates g.. through 'its top e) with a water-passage ll that is formed in the iront wall il of 'the lurnace C below the chamber Z) (Fig. l) and .the inner end ot which communicates with a water-iaclret l2 that surrounds the combustion chamber w. The wall w ot the rear part oll the turna-ce C is formed with an L-shaped water-passage 13, one end of which i communicates with the water-jacket l2 and inthe other end of which there is fitted the upper end ot a substantially upright waterpipe la that is mounted in a vertically-disposed ilue l5, through which the burning oil and pass downwardly from the combustion chamber w and from which they are discharged into a box or drum 16, through an opening 16 formed in the top of which the lower end of the flue l5 projects or extends. From the bottom ot the drum 16, there projects downwardlyv a nipple 17 that is seatedin the upper end ot a tubular boss or neck i8 and is formed with a lengthwiseextending central passage 17, in the top ot which is hited the lower end ot the waterpipe 14.-. The passage vl communicates with .the central passage 18 that runs lengthwise through the tubular boss 18 projecting downwardly from the bottom ot' the steam-generator D. rlhe outlet end ot the passage i8 is closed by means et a drainage cork 18, which may be opened torjthe purpose oi' draining oli" water from the steamgenerator D. ln the nipplev 17, there are formed laterally-extending outlet passages i7 through whiih he preheated water discharged trom the water-pipe le; ilows into the lZX belowthe bottom olf the drum 16, which is mounted in the lower end` ot the steam-generator D and, asfits level rises, the preheated water can escape 'from the space 17X through the recesses 16 formed inthe bottom edge of the drum 16. In the lateral wall of the drum 16, near the top thereof and above the mouth ot the flue 15, there are termed outlets or ports 16 through which liow the products of combustion discharged from vthe flue or conduit 15. These products ot combustion are, of course, at a high temperature; and they serve to heat the drum 16 with which they contact; and at least part ot any water that may be in the spare immediately surrounding the drum 16 will be converted into steam by the heat transmitted to the water from the gases. Furthermorc, the stream oit' gases moves with considerable velocity in flowing through the ports 1GX and tends to carry along with it some of the water 'trom the drum 16. 1n the latter, there are thrown chain-links 19, which serve to break up into a multitude'o'li line streams, the currents of steam, entrained nioisti'lre' and products of combustion and to anse the same to intermingle with one another. whereby a transiter of heat from the c'ombustirui products to the steam and entrained moisture is madevto take place and the latter are converted into superheated steam or steam gas. The lower half 2O of the casing ot the generator D is, at its middle, constricte'd or narrowed, as is shown at 20, Figs. 1 and 18, and the casing is formed with swells above and below the constricted part 20, so that this part ot the casing virtually is made up of two bulbous-shaped shells superimposed one on the other. As a result ot thus shaping the easing 20, the ascending currents of steam, entrained moisture and combustion products are given, near the constriction 20, an inward direction toward the center of the generator D, where the heat is the greatest; and should any water that may have collected on the casing wall above the constriction 20 tend to run down toward the latter, it will be directed inwardly at the constriction 20 and will there meet and willlbe carried along with the inwardly-directed currents just re terred to, the velocity ot which will bel increased at the narrowed portion 20 of their path. To the downwardly-extending neck or boss 18, there is fastened (as by the setscrew 21') a starting cup 21 adapted to hold an inflammable liquid (such as alcohol), which is ignited at starting and the heat trom the burning ot which generates steam in the generator D in sufficient quantity to drive the engine B for a limited time, or until the apparatus can, in its normal. operation, generate its own working fluid.

1n Fig. 10, there is illustrated a modied form of flue or conduit 15, the interior ot which is iormed with screw-threads 15 the thin, sharp edges of which become highly heated, whereby any carbon deposit formed thereon is ultimately burned oli". In Fig. 11, a modified form ot water-pipe is shown; here the water-pipe 14 is formed with a coil 14 that exposes more heating surface to the combustion products than does the substantially straight water-pipe 14 ot Fig. 1. In the inodilied construction illustrated in Fig. 12, ythe water-pipe 14 is omitted and the flue 15 is provided with a liner 14XV that is formed with an exterior helical groove 14* that servesas` achannel through which the water Vflows from the L-shaped water-passage 13 in the rear wall w ot the combustion chamber ce (Fig. 1) to the bottom of the steam-generator D. n the modified construction shown Fig. 13, the vertical leg of the l..- sha'ped water-passage 13 is dispensed with and the upper end oi' the water-pipe 14 communicates with the substantially horizontal water-passage 13 formed in the rear wall we of the roinbustion chamber. The lower part ot the flue 15X is formed4 integral with the top ot' the drum 16X, the bottom of which is closed by a screw-plug 167g. formed withV a central hole to permit the passage ot' the lower end of the water-pipe 14. 1n the'top stand the high temperaturev oftheV combustionproducts, the Hue-extension 15* is made of highly refractory material ,and this member may be readily renewed from time to time, as occasion may require. To permit the cleaning of the water-pipe 14 the wall wX (Fig. 13) is termed with a hole 13. that is in line with the bore of the water-pipe 14 and is normally kept closer1 l 13X. Upon removing the latter, a suitable cleaning device (not shown) may be thrust into the boreoil the tube 14 so as to free the same of any obstruction or foreign matter that may be therein. Similarly, upon removing the screw-plug 11 (Fig. 1) inthe outer or front end of the passage 11, a tleXioy a screw-plug bletube-cleaner (not shown) maybe thrust through the water-passage 11, water-jacket 12, L-shaped water-passage 13 and waterpipe 14 tor the purpose of cleaning these passages. And, upon removing the screwplugu* (Fig. 1), the air passage ax maybe cleaned in an entirely similarvmanner and by like means. Y f,

Passing from the steam-generator D through the opening 22 (Fig. 1) in the top ot thecasing thereof, the working iiuid flows through the ronduit 23 (Fig. 17) and the oraminated plate 23 (Figs. 15 and 16) and past the main inlet-valve or throttle-valve 24 (omitted from Fig. 16)'into the valvechest 25, in which are arranged the cylinder admission valves 26 of the engine E provided (in the case herein illustrated) vwith the two working cylinders 27, the exterior wall 28 arrangement of the valvesand the operatingV mechanism therefor are. in the case of each working cylinder' 27, the same, a description 'o f such with reference to one of the two working cylinders 27 will here be deemed sufficient. For each workin()v cylinder 27, there are provided one admission-valve 26 and one exhaust-valve 34. ln the top of the valvechest 25, there is screwed, directly above each admission-valve'26, valve guide-block 35, in which there is formed a vertical guidepassage 35 the outer end of which is closed by a screw-plug 35 and in which reciprocates the upper part of the valve-stem 26 of the admission-valve 26. At its lower ends, the valve-stem 26 is formed with a pair of collars 26, between which is fitted the bifurcated end 36 of the valve-operating rocker-aim 36 that is fastened on the inner end of a rock-shaft 37 rotatably mountedin the front wall 25 of' the valve-chest 25 (Figs. 14 to17, both inclusive). The lit of the rocker-arm 36 against the latter wall is gas-tight, whereby leakage of the workingfluid from thevalve-chest 25 is avoided. On the outer end of the rock-shaft 37, there is fastened one end of a rocker-arm 38, the other end of which is pivotally connected with the upper endof a valve-operating rod 39, which is actuated by mechanism immediately to be described, as follows, vto wit: (ln the engine-shaft 33, there is mounted fast a cam 40, Yagainst which bears a camshoe 40 mounted in the free end of a carrierarm 41 that is forked or V-sh'aped and the upper ends of the branches 41', 41, of which are loosely mounted on a cam-carrying rock-shaft 42 so that the carrier-arm 41 is free to swing thereon. The rock-shaft 42 is horizontally disposed and ext-ends in front of both the engine B and the air-compressor A (Fig. 14). From the side or branch 41 of the carrier-arm 41, there projects forwardly a rocker-arm 41x upon the free end of which is seated the lower end of the valve-operating rod 39. lt follows that, when the swell of the cam 40 throws the lower or free end of the carrier-arm 41 to the front (that is, to the right, in Fig. 17), the free end of thel rocker-arm 41X is thrown up, whereby the upright valve-operating rod 39 and the rocker-arm 36, 38 are raised and the engine-cylinder admission-valve 26 is opened. From the front wall y25 of the Y valve-chest 25 (Fig. 15), there projects a pair of lugs or knobs 43, around each of which there 'is wound a helical spring 44 and through each4 of which there projects the rock-shaft 37. The outer end of the spring 44 bears against the rocker-arm 3 8 mounted on the'outer end of the rock-'shaft 37, so that the tension of the spring 44 tends to throw down the rocker-arms 38, 36, .and thereby to close the engine-cylinder admission-valve 26. Furthermoreythe tension of the spring 44 tends to force the valve-operating rod 39 downwardly and to keep the cam-shoe 40 Vpressed against the-cam 40 yieldingly. The

shaft 42 is a rock-shaft, and, upon the same, there is mounted fast a cam 45, against the face of which there is pressed, by the helical spring 46, the upper end of a rod 47, to the lower end of which is attached the cam-shoe 40. The position of the latter with relation to the cam 40 may be adjusted by seizing the crank 48 thatl is fast on one end of the rock-shaft 42 (Fig. 14) and turning the same, whereby the'position ofthe cam-shoe 40 may be varied with relation to the rockshaft 42 and the time that the inlet-valve` 26 is held open is changed, thus providing a variable cut-oit'. The crank 48 is retained in its adjusted position by the engagement ofthe free end of a leaf-spring 49 in one of a series of recesses 50 formed in a lixed arcuate plate 50 (Figs. 14 and 17). When the cam-shaft 42 is turned, the two cams 45 thereon turn with it, whereby the positions of the cam-shoes 40 may be adjusted at will, as has ust been explained. A modified form of cylinder admission-valve is shown in Figs. 18 and 19, wherein the` valve-stem 26X carries four guide-arms 51 that radiate therefrom and the outer ends of which are arranged to slide over the inner wall of the valve-chest 25, as the admission-valve 26 is opened and closed. In this form of the valve mechanism, the block 35 is imperforate and devoid of any guide-channel for the valvestem 26X and serves merely as a screw-cap or plug to close the opening in the top of the valve-chest 25 above the admission-valve 26. Compared with the construction illustrated in Figs. 18 and 19, the valve-mechanism shown in Fig. 17 is relatively inconvenient or diicult to assemble; for, the accurate seating of the valve 26 and alinement of the valve-stem 26 is sometimes diiiicult of accomplishment, in view of the fact that the guide-block 35, when being screwed home, hides from sight the parts of the valve mechanism below it, and, furthermore, lnot being integral with the valve-chest wall 25, may possibly be out 'of alinement with the valveseat 25:?. OnV the other hand, the valve mechanism shown in Figs. 18 and 19 may be accurately adjusted before screwing home the plug or block 35", and this operation cannot disturb the adjustment of the valve. Moreover, the latter may bereadily inspected by merely removing the plug 35X, the removal 'of which involves no risk of disturbing the adjustment of the valve mechanism underneath it. Moreover, the valve-seat 251 and housing 25 that guides the v`alve-stem-26X are integral with each other and, therefore, cannot change their relative positions with respect to each other. ln Figs. 2O and 21, there is illustrated another modified form of valve mechanism, of which thel valve.u stem guide is constructed as follows: Within a circular band ring or lshort tube 52, there are mounted, integral therewith, (Fig. 21) radial arms 54, in the central junction-box or hub 56 of which there is formed a guideopening 55. The ring 52 is tted snugly within the Valve-casing 25 and the valve-V wound around the valve-stem 34X and onev end of which bears against the top of the valve-chest 25, while its other end presses against the collar 34* mounted on the Valvestem 34X. The exhaustwalve 34 is opened, against the tension of the helical spring 34, by valve-operating mechanism Vthat may be described in the following way: Fulcrumed at 57, on the top of the valve-box 25, there is a Valve-lever 58, one end ofwhich is pivot ally connected with the top of the valve-stern 34X and the other end of which is pivotally fastened to the upper end of the upright Valve-operating rod 59, the lower end of which rests upon the outer or free end of a rocker-arm 60 that projects from a box or hub 6l throughwhich extends slidingly-the rook-shaft 42 and from which extends another rocker-arm 62, the lower or free end of which is formed with a cam-shoe 62 that is held yieldingly, by the helical spring 34, against the face of the. cam 63 mounted fast upon the engine-shaft 33. rlhe hub 6l is idly mounted on the shaft 42. which may, therefore, be rocked without altering the positions of the arms 60, 62, which are substantially the arms of what isvpractically a bell-crank lever. f

The heat of the exhaust gases is utilized in preheating the water supplied to the steam-generator D and, to effect this preheating, the hereinafter-described arrangement of parts (see Figs. and 23) isprovided, to wit The exhaust gases flowing past the valves 34 are led, by the conduits 63, from the engine Band are discharged into' the water-preheater 64, lengthwise of which there extends therein a centrally-disposed cylindrical receptacle 65 for'oil, which is closed at one end and around which there is wound a coil66 of water-pipe, the inlet end V10 of which leads from a force-pump (not shown) andthe outlet end of which is connected with the water-pipe l0 hereinbefore 66 of water-pipe, as before; one end of the water-preheater 64 is closed: by an endcover 64X, from which there is supported a pan 65. Above the latter, the water-pipe l0X leading from the force-pump (not shown) is wound helically around thewaterpipe l0, so as toV form a co'ilr66. Vihen the apparatus is started, oil is burned in the pan or trough 65"; and the flame from the burning oil heats the water owing through the coil 66 and the pipe 10. Still another formV of water-preheater isillustrated in Figs. and 26, wherein there .is Vshown suspended from the preheater 64, by means of the link.n arms 67 and knee-lever66a nan 65, which, in the normal operation of the preheater,

forms the bottom thereof. lVhen'the appa-V ratus is started, the operator disengages the branch or arm68 of theknee-leyer 68 from the stop 69, whereupon the pan 65 will, by its own weight, fall away from the preheater` l 64* and will then han(y` suspended therefrom, in the positionshown in Figs. 25 `and 26. Oil is then burned inthe pan 65; and, when the engine B is about to start run,-

ning normally, the operator throws down the handle-end of the armY 68 of the kneelever 68, whereby the pan'65 is swung up against thepreheater 64* and serves as the bottom thereof. As in the case of the structure illustrated in Figs. l5 and 24, the preheater 64* contains a coil 66X of water-pipe and receives the exhaust gases discharged.

fromthe engine B, which gases How over the coil V66X and heat the water-flowing therethrough.

Lik-e the engine B, the Yair-compressor A is provided.` with two working cylinders 70 (Fig. 14 and Figs. 27 to 29,both inclusive), in each of which there reciprocates a piston 7l connected'to the engineshaft 33 by means of a pair of cranks 73 and a piston-rod 72. The Valve-mechanism that controls the inflow and outflow of the air to and from the two compression cylinders 70 is substantially the same in the case of each of these two cylinders; therefore, a description of the valve-mechanism of one of the latter will suflice and hereinafter immediately follows. The air-inlet Valve 74 and the mechanism for operating the samer closely resemble the engine-exhaust yalve 34 and its oper-atingY mechanism, as will more fully appear from an inspection of Figs. 22 and 27 and the following brief description. The air-inlet valve 74 is held closed against its seat 7 4 by a helical spring that is wound around the valve-stem 76, the upper end of which is pivotally connected with one end of a horizontally-disposed valve-lever 77, which is vfulcrumed at 79 on the valve-casing 78 and the other end of which is pivotally fastened to the upper end of an upright valve--operating` rod 80. Idle on the rocl shaft 42, there i s a hub or box 81 from which projects horizontally forward an arm 82, in the outer free end of which is seated the lower end of the valve-operating rod 80. From the same hub 81, there extends downwardly and inwardly another arm 83, the lower free end of which is formed with a cam-shoe 83 which is held yieldingly against the face of the cam 84 on the en- `gine-shaft 33 by the tension of the inletvalve spring 75. When the swell of the cam 84 pushes the cam-shoe 83 outwardly, the valve-operating rod 8Ojis` raised and the air-inlet valve 74 is, against the tension of the spring 75, pushed downwardly away vfrom its seat 174.4 The air-outlet valve 85 is '.illustrated,` together with its valve-operating' mechanism, in Figs. 14, 28, and 29, from an inspection of which (particularly of Fig. 2 8).` rit will be noted that an important dierence resides in the omission of the upper oney of the pair of collars 26 that are found. on the valve-stem r26 of the engine-cylinder admission-valve 26 (Figs. 16 and 17 ).4 It .will be at once obvious to all persons skilled Vin this art that the lairoutlet valve 85 is forced open bythe pressure of the air in thecompressoncylinder 70, which pressure tends, as the piston 71 advances, to increase, until the outlet-valve 85 opens; and it is, therefore, necessary only to raise the rocker-arm 86 from the collar 87 on the valve-stem 88, so as to permit the outlet-valve 85 to open (see right-hand sidevof F ig. 28).V The means for guiding the valve-stem 88 are substantially the same as Athose employed for guiding the valvestem 26 ofthe `engine-cylinder admissionvalve 26 and the modified .forms of such guiding means (shown in Figs. 18 to 21) may he used equally well for guiding' the valve-stem 88. The ymechanism for actuating (e. g., closing) lthe air-outlet valve 85 closely resemblesthe mechanism for actuating' the valve 26 and may be described as follows (Figs. 14* to17) In the front wall 78 of the valve-chest 78, there is mounted rock-shaft 90, on .the inner end of which there is fastened the rocker-arm 86 and on the outer end of whichthere is secured the 'the projectingav tub'i'ilar trunnionpr loof; 93

(F ig. 29) through which the rock-shaft 90 extends, there is wound a helical spring 94 one end of which bears upon the rockerarm 91 and tends to press downwardly the upright rod 92, the lower end of which is seated upon the outer free end of an arm that projects forwardly from the hub 96 that is loosely mounted on the rock-shaft Another arm 97 projects downwardly and inwardly from the same hub 96 land its lower end, which is formed with a cam-shoe 97 is pressed,by the tensionof the helical spring 94, against the face of a cam 98 fast upon the engine-shaft The arms 95, 97, are, practically, arms of a bell-crank lever. When the swell of the cam 98 throws out the toe 97 of the arm 97 the rod 92 is raised against the tension of the spring 94 and causes the elevation of inner rocker-arm 86 (see the right-hand side of Fig'. 28), whereby the air-outlet valve 85 is released so that it may be forced open by the increasingfpres sure of the air in the cylinder 70, as the `piston 71 advances. As the cam 98'continues to turn with the engine-shaft the tension of the spring' 94 is permitted to force the rocker-arm 86 downwardly, whereby the air-- outlet valve 85 is closed. (See the left hand side of'Fig. 28). The inner rockerarm 86 is raised from off the collar 87 a substantial period of time beforethe air outlet-valve 85 is opened; the opening of the latter valve is entirely automatic and the time of its opening depends upon the pressure at which the engine is working at the time. The closing of the air outlet-valve 85 occurs always when the piston 71 is at its uppermost position or .the end of its upward stroke and is merhanica-llyv eiiieeted.

In Figs. 30 and 31, there is shown a modiiied arrangement of the valve-operating cams 40X, 98X, due tothe Vemployment of an engine-shaft 33X of a standard type. n-

stead of being' arranged closely adjacent to each other (as shown in Fig. 14), the cams that vcontrol the mechanism for operating the admission-valve 26 are, in Fig. 30 (wherein such cams are marked 40x), placed so thateach cam 4GX is seated closely adjacent to one of the'eams 63 that control the meehanism which regulates the opening and closing' of the'eXhaust valve 34 22.) The cam-shoe 40 formed on the lower free end of the rockerearm 40* bears against the cam surface of the cam 40X. The upper end of the rocker-arm 40* is xedly connected with one end of the hollow rock-shaft or sleeve 42X which is mounted on theV shaft 42 and from theother end of which projects the rocker-arm 41", whereon rests the valveoperating rod 39. As the cam-shoe 40 rubs over the surface of the'cam 40 ,the rockerarm 40* swings back and forth and rocks the sleeve 42X, whereby the rocker-arm 41* is moved alternately down and up to open and close the inlet-valve 2G (Fig. 17.) In a manner entirely similar, each cam 98?, is

arranged closely adjacent to one of the cams 84 that control the air-inlet valves 74 27.) rlhe rocker-arm SlT-is, at its upper end, fixedly connected with one end of the sleeve 9T from' the other end of which projects a rocker-arm 95 upon which rests the lower end of the valve-operating rod 92. By the arrangement of parts just described, the connecting-rods 31, 31, can be placed more closely together than is the case illustrated in Fig. 14.

In Fig. 32, there is illustrated a reversing mechanism by means of which the direction of rotation of the engine-shaft 33 may be changed. Here each of the cams 63, 40, 84 and 93, is replaced by a pair of cams; and the swell portions of the cams of each pair are separated from each other by half a turn or one hundred and eighty'degrees The rocker-arms G2, 33, 97, are idly mounted, at their upper ends, on the reversing shaft 100, between pairs of collars 101 fast upon the latter, so that, when the shaft 100 is moved lengthwise (or laterally of the engine) ,these rocker-arms 62, 83, 97, will be shifted sidewise and will carry their respective camshoes 62, 83', 97, from, say, the left-hand one of the several pairs of cams 63, 84, 98, tothe right-hand one thereof. At'the same time, the rocker-arms 60', 82', 95, upon which rest, respectively, the valve-operating rods 59, S0, 92, are carried in the same direction; and to insure'that the latter will be maintained in position at all times, despite the shifting of their supporting` rocker-arms 60, 82', 95', these rocker-arms are made of a greater length. than that of the corresponding rocker-arms 60, 82, 95, of the apparatus illustrated in F ig'. 14. In an entirely analogous manner, the rocker-arms 41X", which carry the cam-shoes 40', are idly mounted on the reversing shaft 100 between pairs of collars 101 and are, by ymoving the latter shaft lengthwise, thrown sidewise, whereby the cam-shoes 40 are shiftedvto the cams 40 that lie immediately adjacent to the cams upon which they had theretofore rested.- The length of the rocker-arms 412' is, for the reason just given in describing the rockerarms 60, 82, 95, greater than the length of the rocker-arms 41X (Fig. 14). To facilitate manipulation of the reversing-shaft 100, it is formed at one end, with a knob 100. The reversing-shaft 100 is furthermore formed with a pair of circumferential grooves or channels 100 adapted to receive the toe 102 of the spring-controlled lockinglever 102 that is fulcrumed at 102 on the side of the engine-frame 103. A stopl 102X mounted on the latter serves to limit the releasing throw or travel of the toeV 102.

. On one end of the engine-shaft 33 (Figs. 14 and 32),'there is mounted a ily-wheel 104;

and, at its other end, the engine-shaft 33 is formedwith a series of ratchet-teeth 33 and with a reduced portion 33XX which extends in prolongation of the shaft 33 and uponf direction of the arrow shown in Fig. 14, the

engine-shaft 33 may be manually rotated, as in starting the engine; but it is obvious that the engine cannot be started by hand, in a direction opposite to that indicated by the arrow at the right of Fig. 32, by the means just described. However, at any time that the engine-shaft 33 is Vat rest, the fly-wheel 104 may be grasped by the hands and the engine-shaft turned in either direction.

I claim:

1. An oil-burning furnace 'including a combustion chamber; a flue that extends downwardly therefrom; and a drum into which the flue projects and which is formed with holes in its upper end above the mouth of the flue, said holes permitting the escape of the products of combustion from the drum. c

2. A furnace for the combustion of oil, said furnace including a flue for the passage of the products of combustion; a casing within which said flue is mounted; a Waterconduit mounted in said flue; and a drum which is mounted in the lower part of said casings and into which saidV flue extends and which is formed with openings for the passage of the products of combustion flowing from said flue andfdrum into the-space between the same and the casing; the lower portion of said drum being formed with outlets permitting the lflow of water from the water-conduit into the lower end of the casing.

3. A furnace for the combustion Vof oil, said furnace including a flue for the passage of the products of combustion; a casing within which said flue is mounted; a waterconduit mounted in said flue; and a drum into which said flue extends and which is formed with openings for the passage of the products of combustion flowing from said flue and drum into the space between the same and the casing; said drum Vbeing formed, at its lower end, with a nipple which is seated in the lower portion of said casing and is formed with outlets permitting the flow of water from the water-conduit into the lower portion of said casing.

4. A furnace for the combustion of oil, said furnace including a combustion chamber; a Hue through which pass the products of combustion therefrom; and a Water-conduit which extends within said flue; the wall of said combustion chamber being formed with a cleaning-holeA above the inlet-end of said Water-conduit.

- 5. A power-plant including an oil-burning furnace having a combustion-chamber; a iiue through which the products of combustion pass therefrom; and a steam-generator in which the flue is mounted and which is formed with a bulbous-shaped wall that directs the products of combustion inwardly toward the flue.

6. A power-plant including an oil-burning furnace having a combustion-chamber; a Hue through which the products of combustion pass therefrom; and a steam-generator in which the flue is mounted and which is formed with a plurality of bulbous-shaped portions arranged above v each other and which direct the products of combustion inwardly toward the flue.

7. In an apparatus of the character described, a steam-generator; a flue which is mounted therein and through which pass the products of combustion; a drum into which said flue projects and which is seated in the lower end of said steam-generator; and a Water-conduit which extends through said flue and the outlet end of which is fitted in the lower part of said drum.

8. Means for preheating water, including a casing into which exhaust gases are discharged and which is provided with a receptacle for holding a combustible; and a water-pipe which is arranged to be exposed to the heating action of the exhaust gases passing into the casing and to the preheating action of the products of combustion of the combustible held in the receptacle.

9. Means for preheating water, including a casing into which exhaust gases are discharged and which is provided with a movable receptacle for holding a combustible; a water-pipe which is arranged to be exposed to the heating action of the exhaust gases passing into the casing and to the preheating action of the products of combustion of the combustible held in the receptacle; and mechanism for moving the receptacle to and from the casing.

l0. An oil-burning furnace including a combustion-chamber; a valve-controlled conduit for leading air thereto; an oil-atomizer for spraying oil thereinto; and a mouthpiece which is mounted in the combustionchamber and through which the sprayed oil passes thereinto; the edge of the dischargeend of the mouthpiece being in part in close Contact With the wall of the combustionchamber and in part separated therefrom by a narrow interval through which the air issues and mingles with the sprayed oil flowing from the mouthpiece.

Signed at Chicago, Illinois, this thirteenth day of March7 1918, in the presence of the two undersigned witnesses.

OTTO KRAUS.

Witnesses:

ELsIE MARTIN, S. C. DUNN. 

